行政管理专业学习资料英语-4

unit 1
  Text Organization
1.    One basic purpose of newspapers is: to get the news as (1)______ as possible from those (2)______ to those (3)______.
2.    Other means of communication such as (1)______, (2)______, (3)______, magazines and other inventions brought competition for newspapers. But this competition merely spurred the newspapers on: to improve the (4)______ and (5)______ of their own operations; to (6) ______ into many other fields; to inform readers of the (7) ______, as well as to (8)______ and (9)______ readers politically and otherwise.
3.    Most newspapers depend on (1)______ for their very existence. The ability to sell advertising depends on a newspaper's value to (2)______. This is measured in terms of (3)______, which depends somewhat on the work of the circulation department, the services or entertainment in a newspaper's pages and, for the most part, depends on a newspaper's value to readers as (4)______.
4.    For one thing, commercial and technical forces made more newspapers possible, but on the other hand it also brought (1)______ and (2)______, which made it more expensive to establish new newspapers that could compete with the already established (3)______. As circulation figures grew, advertisers found it wiser to buy advertising in one paper with a wide circulation than in two or more with (4)______ circulations. Thus the leading paper in a circulation tend to become (5)______, and the weak, (6)______.
   Exercises about the Text
I. Vocabulary:

1. Fill in the blanks with the words and expressions given below, changing the form where necessary.
take place    reverse    merger    curve    overlap
efficiency    spur    branch out    existence    circulation
on the pot    trend    consolidation    facility    distribute
1) This computer firm has ______ into selling discs and records.
2) The largest ______ for individual newspaper is that of the Japanese newspaper Asahi Shimbun.
3) It is easy to prove that the earth's surface is ______.
4) The new office ______ the function of one which has already existed.
5) There are always ______ exercises after each text.
6) Profits as well as risks are ______ among these insurance companies.
7) The sports lottery is a means to ______ economic growth.
8) ______ your car, drive back one mile and you will find the Grand Hotel.
9) Many precious plants are no longer in ______ because of the serious air pollution.
10) What is the ______ of this year's fashion?
11) All the researchers are required to make ______ investigation.
12) Unfortunate things ______ on her journey to Boston.
13) Quality and speed are the key to achieve ______.
14) This new couple tried to ______ their differences.
15) Although the university is rich in teaching ______ but poor in teaching staff.
2. Word Building: In English many adjectives are formed by adding -y to nouns or verbs, with the meaning of "full of…", "having the feature of …", "like …", etc.
　　For example:
　　　worth - worthy 　　　　　sleep - sleepy
　Now translate the following expressions into English.
　　1）玫瑰般的新娘　　　　　2）由衷的祝福
　　3）健康的活动　　　　　　4）喧闹的体育场
　　5）美味的食物　　　　　　6）一个有趣的故事
　　7）多云的天空　　　　　　8）和煦的夏天
　　9）多雪的冬天　　　　　 10）多雨的季节
　　11) 多风的夜晚　　　　　12）多风暴的童年
II. Structure:
1. Subjective complement exercise: complete the following sentences after studying the model.
　　Model: Newspapers are on the streets giving the details.
　　1) The artist was still heard __________yesterday evening, but now he is dead. (唱歌)
　　2) 200 students were seen __________. (在街上分发科学杂志)
　　3) He is standing there __________. (等公共汽车)
2. Complete the following sentences with:
wherever     whatever    whoever    whomever    whenever    however
1) ______ something important happens, the reporters will rush to the spot to gather the news.
2) ______ the famous actress appeared in the street, she would be crowded by fans.
3) I will be at your back, ______ you do in the pursuit of your study.
4) He was determined to ask for help from ______ he met first.
5) ______ will be elected has nothing to do with me.
6) These newspapers must struggle for their existence, ______ heavy the competition might be.
3. Rewrite the following sentences after studying the models.
Model: Radio, telegraph, television, and other inventions brought competition for newspapers. So did the development of magazines and other means of communication.
1) Mary was distributed to a remote place in Northwestern China. Mary's boyfriend was also distributed to a remote place in Northwestern China.
2) Historians couldn't stop the war. The public couldn't stop the war.
3) Newspapers inform you of the latest news. Radios inform you of the latest news, too.
III. Translation: Translate the following sentences into English.
1. 竞争导致了更高的效率和速度。(lead to)
2. 事故发生后的几分钟内警察赶到了现场。(minutes after)
3. 报纸和杂志经济上极大地影响着读者。(politically as well as economically)
4. 总体而言，发行量依赖于读者把报纸作为主要的消息渠道。(for the most part, depends on)
5. 无人能逆转时代的潮流。
   Grammar: The Performance of
　 "than"
Grammar: The Performance of "than"
语法："than" 的用法
1. conj. 比……（和形容词或副词的比较级连用）
1）跟名词或代词
The profits are more than the losses.
The purpose of the research had a more important meaning for them than for us.
I know you better than she (does).

2）跟从句
They produced 46 per cent more plastic in 1996 than they did in 1995.
It is easier than I thought.
I respect you more than I can say.
The white collar workers earn more than the blue workers do.
3）跟一个充当状语的词或词组
They arrived earlier than ever.
Signs of dishonesty seem much more numerous in recent years than in the past.
Aren't you a little taller than when I saw you last?
He works better with others than if he works alone.
She looks younger than she is.
4）跟其它成分（如：不定式、形容词、动词）
I know better than to believe such a man.
It is easier to do it yourself than to explain it to her.
His speed of doing the work was much faster than had expected.
She was more lucky than clever.
He is much more healthier and happier than he was ever before.
Nothing is more boring than listening to my mother's speech.
5）与differently (different) 或 anywhere连用
Rice is cooked differently here than in the States.
You won't find such freedom anywhere than in China.
2. 用于习惯用语
else (otherwise) than 除……外
My mother did nothing else than smile.
How else can we come other than by train?
She could not do otherwise than love him.
He couldn't have behaved otherwise than he did.他只能这样做。
less than 不太；不到
We were busy and less than delighted to meet visitors.
The first steam locomotive could have a top speed of only thirteen mph and the great sailing ships of the time labored along at less than half that speed.
less than no time 很快
I can be ready to go in less than no time.
It took my wife less than no time to get dinner ready.
more often than not 多数时候；相当经常
My grandfather comes over on Sunday more often than not.
Nancy likes swimming. She wins more often than not.
no more than 仅仅；只是
It was no more than a beginning.
He was no more than a shop assistant.
no more … than 和……一样不
He was not more surprised than angry.
He is not an artist than I am.
no other than （加强语气用）除……外没有；只有；正是；就是
The beaten enemy had no other choice than to surrender.
It is no other than my sister who is coming.
other (another) than 不同于；不是那个样子
The result was quite other than we had expected.
other (another) … than 除……之外的另一个
She can't speak any other language than her own.
Have you any dictionaries other than this?
no sooner … than 一……就……
No sooner had he gone to sleep again than the telephone rang once again.
No sooner were that gift unpacked than she exclaimed.
Nothing other than a two-year contract would satisfy the company.
rather (sooner) than 宁愿……而不愿
What you need is action rather than thought.
I would do anything rather than let him get hurt.
Unit 2
   Text Organization
1. Different gestures are used to express the same idea.
　　Supporting evidence:
　　1) Measuring the size of a fish
　　 a. A ________ angler demonstrates the size of a fish by holding his two hands with palms facing each other, and the appropriate distance apart in front of him is the size of the fish.
　　 b. An angler ________ will measure off the size along his left arm with his right hand.
　　　　2) Demonstrating the numeral "one"
　　 a. An Englishman ________ to indicate the numeral "one" .
　　 b. The Swiss ________.
　　　　3) Pointing at the objects
　　　Some people point at objects ________ while others do by ________.
　　　　4) Expressing "come here"
　　 a. ________ holds the index finger at eye level, points upwards and flexes towards the body.
　　 b. ________ describes an arc away from the body towards the ground with the hand and forearm.
　　 c. ________ hold the hand at arm's length with palm downwards and flexes the fingers.
　2. The natural misinterpretation of a gesture may result in disastrous consequences in that it may be considered to be precisely the opposite to that intended by those unfamiliar with it.
　　Supporting evidence:
　　Misinterpretation: European sailors swimming near a fortified coastal area in the Eastern Mediterranean 1) ______________.
　　Consequence: 2) ________ and tragic effects occurred.
　3. It is also possible to find examples of 1) ________, and this too may produce awkward failures of communication.
　　Supporting evidence: It is natural for an Englishman to request his audience to be silent by 2) ______________ when he speaks publicly. However, the same gesture would 3) ______________ because it is a most insulting gesture.
   Exercises about the Text
I. Vocabulary:
1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate forms of the following words.
appropriate    awkward    effect    suspicious
consequence    prohibit    offence    indicate
demonstrate    defense    intend    considerable
1) Such a mistake would perhaps lead to disastrous ________.
2) You should choose dialogues that are ________ to your teaching situation.
3) That is your first ________ and I am going to give you a light sentence.
4) She thought about the ________ of such news upon her husband.
5) Nowadays people tend to be ________ of anyone who wants to sell them something cheap.
6) He gave his life in ________ of his country.
7) These figures ________ why the people in this country live in such poverty.
8) The medicine did not have the ________ effect.
9) There was a long ________ silence between them after his angry words.
10) He has had ________ success in his career.
11) How can you ________ that the witness is lying?
12) Tourist class passengers ________ from using the first-class lounge.
2. Fill in the blanks with proper prepositions or adverbs.
1) John did pass the test; ________ the same time, he didn't know the subject very well.
2) People often say things in their own houses which they cannot say ________ public.
3) The young man is familiar ________ English but unfamiliar ________ French.
4) The result was quite opposite ________ what we had expected.
5) My words put him ________ his guard.
6) The pupil held ________ his hand to ask the teacher a question.
7) He was invited to the master's room ________ several occasions.
8) He measured ________ six yards of material.
9) The robber pointed his gun ________ me.
10) The water rose until it was ________ a level with the banks of the river.
3. Complete each of the following sentences with the correct form of the words in brackets.
1) That face is not ________ to me, I feel that I have seen it before. (familiar)
2) An ________ flying object landed on the beach. (identify)
3) There can be no mutual understanding without ________ between people. (communicate)
4) He ________ her silence as giving consent. (interpret)
5) He had not meant to offend me, but the tone of his remarks was certainly ________. (insult)
6) A ________ fire in the city caused loss of life and money. (disaster)
II. Structure:
1. Rewrite the following sentences after the given models:　　Model: To describe gestures clearly in words is difficult, as these examples show.
　　　　　 It is difficult, as these examples show, to describe gestures clearly in words.　　1) To remember to turn off the lights is important.
　　2) To arrive there in time is impossible.
　　3) To climb the mountain from the north is difficult.
　　4) To fill in the form at the door is necessary.
2. Make sentences after the models, using "find + n. / pron. + n. / adj. / prep. / v-ed / v-ing." and the words given below:
Model: An Englishman, would, speaking, in public, very natural, it.
　　　 An Englishman speaking in public would find it very natural.
1) I, am, afraid, me, you, find, very satisfactory.
2) He, a number of, already, people, find, working.
3) He, her, finds, woman, a, very, agreeable.
4) I, the door, found, closed.
III. Translation: Translate the following sentences into English.
1．他计划再买几件衣服。(more)
2．甚至专家们也把那幅画认定为齐白石的真品。(take)
3．我的观点与他的正好相反。(the opposite)
4．她很少在办公室大声说话。(on … occasion)
5．他真是不可救药，惩罚对他几乎毫无用处。(effect)
6．听到世贸大厦被袭击的悲惨消息，我们都感到震惊。(tragic)
   Grammar: Pronoun
Grammar: Pronoun
语法：代词
1.概说　1.1 定义：代词是代替名词的词。
　1.2 格的变化：代词有主格、宾格、所有格之变化。如：
　　 I （主格）- me（宾格）- my（所有格）
　　 who（主格）- whom（宾格）- whose（所有格）
　1.3 功能：
a. 可作主语、宾语和表语。如：
This is Miss Liu speaking.
That's all.
Let you and me promise that we shall always dare to do what is right.
b. 有些代词和形容词一样，可作定语。如：
His father is a stocker.
All reactionaries are paper tigers.
Some people make more money than we teachers, but few gain as much satisfaction from their work.
　1.4 单复数形式：有些代词有单、复数形式。少数代词的复数形式和名词的复数形式的变化规则相同。如：one - ones；other - others。
　　其它如人称代词、物主代词、反身代词和指示代词，其复数形式须个别记忆。
　1.5 有或没有冠词：代词前一般不用冠词，只有少数例外。如：the other, the others, a few, a little
2.代词的种类
　2.1 人称代词（personal pronoun）
　　 a. 主格：I, he, she, it, we, you, they
　　 b. 宾格：me, him, her, it, us, you, them
　2.2 物主代词（possessive pronoun）
　　 a. 形容词性物主代词：my, his, her, its, our, your, their
　　 b. 名词性物主代词：mine, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs
　2.3 反身代词（self-pronoun）：myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves, oneself
　2.4 相互代词（reciprocal pronoun）：each other, one another
　2.5 指示代词（demonstrative pronoun）：this, that, these, those, such, same
　2.6 疑问代词（interrogative pronoun）：who, whom, whose, which, what
　2.7 关系代词（relative pronoun）：who, whom, whose, which, that
　2.8 不定代词（indefinite pronoun）：some, something, somebody, someone, any, anything, anybody, anyone, no, nothing, nobody, no one, every, everything, everybody, everyone, each, much, many, little, a little, few, a few, other, another, all, none, one, both, either, neither

Unit 3
   Text Organization
The story took place during 1)______, when a certain store offered puddings for free 2)______. The author suspected that there was someone who would 3)______ this privilege without intention to buy any. And his suspicion was confirmed. There was an old gentleman who had come to the store for the free sampling many times but never bought one. Although he was dressed poorly but 4)______, and his sampling was so sincere that the author couldn't help offering to buy one for him. The old man didn't expect someone was watching him and took the author's kindness as an insult. In order to "save" his 5)______, he immediately poured out all the pennies and shillings he had and bought the 6)______ and 7)______ pudding. That was the 8)________ time he came to that store.
　   Exercises about the Text
I. Vocabulary:
1. Fill in the blanks with the words and expressions given below, changing the form where necessary.
heavy    to one's taste    pack    select    elderly
pull out    in a row    sample    long for    out of place
privilege    mistake … for    break off    take advantage of
1) This soup is too ______ and salty for a patient.
2) As soon as the man__________ his gun, I knew he was a robber.
3) Diplomats can enjoy some ______ in foreign countries.
4) I am sorry. I ______ you ______ my middle school students.
5) The soldiers stood ______ for the commander's inspection.
6) The master of the plantation ______ the best grapes on their vines to make this wine.
7) The teacher ______ in the middle of a sentence at the shout, "Help!"
8) The shoppers can ______ the cakes before coming to a decision.
9) Tom ______ his suitcase in a hurry just in time to catch his train.
10) We have a variety of stamps for you to choose from. You can select the one which is most ______.
11) I didn't expect that ______ lady was our new English teacher.
12) How I ______ a sunny day after so many rainy days.
13) Seeing the prosperous woman stare at my torn handkerchief, I felt ______.
14) You are shameful to ______ her kindness and generosity.
2. Study the formation of the italicized words and complete the sentences as required.　　Model: prosperous looking Christmas shoppers
　　　　　Christmas shoppers who look prosperous
　　　　　the poorly but neatly dressed gentleman
　　　　　the gentleman who was poorly but neatly dressed
pompous looking    ill-fitting    newspaper reading    time consuming
newly built    soft-spoken    strictly controlled    much used
1) Standing before the ______ building, one is belittled.
2) Those ______ words really calmed everyone present.
3) My advertisement is directed at the ______ citizens.
4) Try to avoid the ______ words in your composition.
5) The ______ highway relieved the traffic jams.
6) All the guests looked surprisedly at the stranger, who was wearing ______ clothes and a big mustache.
7) No one would take this ______ job.
8) The ______ price of gasoline benefits most of the drivers.
II. Structure:
1. Complete the sentences after studying the model, using "considering…".　　Model: Considering his appearance, it was impossible for him to have so much dignity.
　　1) (考虑到外面很脏), we had better put all the apple pies in the window cabin for display.
　　2) (考虑到他的年龄和健康状况), it was a miracle for him to swim across the English Channel.
　　3) (考虑到他是贡献最多的), he was awarded the highest prize at the end of this season.
2. Make sentences after the models, using "as if" and the given words and expressions:
Model l: he 　jump 　sting
　　　　He jumped back as if he had been stung.
Model 2:he 　look 　need
　　　　He looks as if he needed it all right.
1) he 　eat 　　　　　　never have a decent meal
2) he 　talk 　　　　　　own the whole nation
3) he 　order us about 　be our boss
3. Answer the following questions after the model:
　　Model: Do you think this moon cake has sesame in it? (taste)
　　1) Do you think Mrs. Liu is putting on weight? (look)
　　2) Do you think Prof. Wang comes from Henan province? (sound)
　　3) Do you think this milk is fresh? (smell)
　　4) Do you think this coat is made of nylon? (feel)
III. Translation: Translate the following sentences into English.
1. 新书被整齐地摆放在书架上。
2. 你可以选择最合你口味的音乐。
3. 愤怒之下，那位记者冲进办公室辱骂了老板。
4. 当他被那位可爱的姑娘拒绝时，他的确尝到了失败的滋味。
5. 我确定那位商人不走运已很久了。
6. 你一定把我误认为他人了。我想我不认识你。
7. 你能帮我把这个圣诞礼物打包吗？
8. 她感到尴尬。她丈夫在晚会上喝醉了酒。更有甚者，他当众羞辱了她。
  Grammar: Personal Pronoun
　 & Possessive Pronoun
Grammar: Personal Pronoun & Possessive Pronoun
语法：人称代词和物主代词
人称代词
1.概说：表示"我"、"你"、"他"、"我们"、"你们"、"他们"等的词，叫做人称代词。
　　人称代词有人称、数和格之分：
     单数    复数
    主格    宾格    主格    宾格
第一人称    I 我    me    we 我们    us
第二人称    you 你    you    you 你们    you
第三人称    he 他
she 她
it 它    him
her
it    　　他们
they 她们
　　它们    them
　　从上表可见，第三人称的单数人称代词分阳性、阴性、中性，分别为he (him), she (her), it (it)，复数只有一个形式they (them)，不分性别。
2.人称代词的用
　2.1 人称代词主格的用法
　　a) 作主语
     I am a cook（炊事员）.
You are a teacher（教师）.
He is a barber（理发员）.
She is a nurse（护士）.
It is a cart（大车）.    We are cooks.
You are teachers.
They are barbers.
They are nurses.
They are carts.
　　b) 作表语
　　It's I. 是我。 Oh, it's you. 哦，是你。
　2.2 人称代词宾格的用法
a) 作及物动词的宾语
Our squad leader is always ready to help us.
我们班长总是愿意帮助我们。
b) 作介词的宾语
Aunt Li took good care of us.
李大妈无微不至地关怀我们。
2.3 人称代词的其他用法：各人称代词除按照自身的人称、数和格使用外，还有下列一些特殊用法。
a) 报刊的编辑和文章的作者，在发表观点时，常用we代替I（同样地，用our代替my），如：
We believe that China will make still greater progress in shipbuilding.
我们相信中国的造船业将会有更大的发展。
In our opinion this is the best film of the year.
我们认为这是今年最好的影片。
b) 用she来代替国家、城市、船舶、飞机等，以表示亲切和爱抚，如：
That's the picture of the Tungfeng; she is a 100,000 ton class ocean-going freighter.
那是十万吨远洋货轮东风号的照片。
c) it 有时可用来代替小孩(child) 和婴儿 (baby)，如：
The child smiled when it saw its mother.
小孩见到母亲就笑了。
d) they 可用来代替一般的人，特别在they say中比较常用，如：
They say there's going to be another good harvest this year.
人们说今年又是个丰收年。
Unit 4
   Text Organization
1.    Topic and main idea: Based on the fact that a consumer chooses one brand instead of another although they are probably the same in 1)______, the author concludes that 2)______ on television and 3)______ in magazines probably influence us 4)______.
2. Advertisers use many methods to get us to buy their products, for example: to make us feel 1)______ with ourselves and our 2)______; to take advantage of consumers' mentality of wanting a good 3)______, and of expressing their 4)______ by choosing some specific brand; to get 5)______ to study the way consumers think and their reasons for choosing one brand instead of another. These experts tell advertisers about the 6)______ of fear and self-image. They also inform them about recent studies with 7)______ and 8)______.

3. Advertising informs consumers about 1)______ available on the market. But there is one serious problem with this. The "information" is actually very often 2)"______". It tells us the products' 3)______ but hides their 4)______.
4. Conclusion: believe it or not, adverting influences your choice of products.
   Exercises about the Text
I. Vocabulary:
1. Fill in the blanks with the words and expressions given below, changing the form where necessary.
brand    available    specific    identical    inform
motive    nearly    benefit    truly    aggressive
hide    afford    complete    positive    extremely
affect    negative    serious    confuse    immediately
1) What is your favorite ______ of coffee?
2) The fingerprints of no two persons are ______.
3) Can you mention some soaps ______ on the market?
4) Would you speak to me ______ about what had happened?
5) I help you just from ______ of kindness.
6) Give ______ information to support your topic.
7) ______ half of the students failed the examination.
8) Mother tried to _____ her sad feelings.
9) I really want to get a ______ edition of Shakespeare's plays.
10) Nowadays, many young people tend to be ______ and selfish.
11) Whether your attitude is ______ or ______, I would go without any hesitation.
12) The earthquake has greatly ______ the local economy.
13) He was involved in the research work ______ after he returned from abroad.
14) It is ______ impossible for me to accept his courtship.
15) They would broke in, and they meant ______.
16) Children can ______ a lot from reading fairy stories.
17) I can't ______ to have a lunch with you. I am too busy.
18) The traffic map really ______ me.
19) Have you ______ them of your departure?
2. Prefixes dis-, in-/im-/il-/ir-, un- all have the meaning of "not", "the opposite of", "reverse the action of", "absence of". For example:
　　disadvantage (n.)
　　dissatisfied (a.)
　　imperfect (a.)
　　unfortunately (ad.)
　　Now add the prefixes to the following words:
appear
trust
movable
ability
complete
responsible
easy    arm
legal
pure
active
definite
regular
familiar    courage
measurable
patient
audible
direct
aware
fit    obey
mobile
personal
capable
significant
certain
questionable    order
modest
possible
competent
visible
developed
II. Structure:
1. After studying the model, rewrite the following sentences.
　　Model: If products are almost the same, what makes consumers buy one brand instead of another?
　　　　　I didn't buy tomatoes. I bought potatoes instead.
　　1) They went there on feet __________. (而非坐公共汽车)
　　2) She is very tired. __________. (让我去吧)
　　3) He preferred staying at home __________. (而非去剧院)
　　4) The water here is not so good, so I am drinking __________. (喝咖啡)
2. Complete the following sentences after the model.
　　Model: Commercials on television and advertisements in magazines probably influence us much more than we think they do.
　　1) He runs ____________. (quickly)
　　2) Advertising probably works ____________. (powerful)
　　3) He smoked cigarettes ___________. (heavily)
　　4) The naughty boy scores ____________. (high)
3. Change the following sentences after studying the model:
　　Model: Advertising not only leads us to buy things that we don't need but it also confuses our sense of reality.
　　　　　Not only does advertising lead us to buy things that we don't need but it also confuses our sense of reality.
　　1) Nobel is not only an expert in science but also in literature.
　　2) Terrorism not only caused panic among people but it also affected the economy.
　　3) Computers have not only simplified our calculations, but they have also changed people's life.
　　4) Karl speaks not only English but also French.
III. Translation: Translate the following sentences into English.
1．所有的广告商都在为钱竞争。
2．顾客对这家餐馆的服务很不满意。
3．染发是为了表达个性。
4．当我伸出手去，却找不到任何东西。
5．不幸的是，电视插播广告有很多负面影响。
6．在质量和数量方面这两包饼干是一样的。
7．别再糊涂了，只为你所需要的东西付钱。
8．这位绅士不仅支付不起房租，他还找不到任何体面的工作。
   Grammar: Self-pronoun
　 & Reciprocal-pronoun
Grammar: Self-pronoun & Reciprocal-pronoun
语法：反身代词和相互代词
反身代词
1.概说：表示反射（指一个动作回射到该动作执行者本身）或强调（即用来加强一名词或代词的语气）的代词叫做反身代词。其形式如下：
     单数    复数
第一人称    myself    ourselves
第二人称    yourself    yourselves
第三人称    himself, herself, itself    themselves
　　注：所有反身代词的重音均在 -self (-selves) 这个音节上。
2.反身代词的用法
　2.1 作宾语，表示动作回到动作执行者的本身。如：
Help yourself to the pineapple.
The boy is too young to take care of himself.
Our history teacher is unselfish. She is always ready to help others but never thinks of herself.
　2.2 在句中作名词或代词的同位语，用来加强名词或代词的语气，作"亲自"、"本人"解。在句中可置于名词、代词之后，也可置于句子末端。如：
If you want t know the taste of a pear, you must taste it yourself.
We ourselves would repair the windows.
相互代词
1．概说：表示相互关系的代词叫做相互代词。相互代词的形式如下：
通格（包括主格和宾格）    所有格
each other互相
one another 互相    each other's彼此的
each other's 彼此的
　　注：在实际运用中，each other和one another没有什么区别。
2．相互代词的用法
1）作宾格
Do you often see each other?
You should learn each other.
They rely on each other during the hard times.
2）作定语时须用所有格
We the Chinese people have always maintained that countries should respect each other's sovereignty and territorial integrity.
The two professors are interested in each other's scientific work.
The students corrected each other's mistakes in their examination papers.
3）有时可分开用
Each tried to struggle against the other to win the competition.
As for this old couple, each respects the other in right.
Unit 5
   Text Organization
1. Introduction: the author presents his main idea in the first and third paragraph that kites have proved very 1)______ in a lot of ways besides providing 2)______.
2. Supporting details: Ben Franklin's use of a kite to explore the nature of 1)______; in Scotland in the 18th century, kites with thermometers attached were used to record the 2)______, and later to measure 3)______; in the late 1800s, the knowledge gained with kites led to the invention of the 4)______; kites aided the 5)______ in World War II. Kites were used in the building of a 6)______ near Niagara Falls; kites with 7)______ sometimes attract attention to businesses and kites are even used for 8)______.
　　Kiting becomes so popular that several countries hold 9) ______ at different times during a year. In 10)______, the Kite Flying Festival is held on 9th September; in 11)______, kites are flown on Boys' Festival, May 5; in 12)_____, the Festival of Spring is held, and in 13)______ a National Kite Week in May is celebrated.
3. Conclusion: restate the advantages of flying a kite - it is fun and inexpensive, can be participated in by one person or a group, can be made or bought.
　
   Exercises about the Text
I. Vocabulary:
1. Fill in the blanks with the words and expressions given below, changing the form where necessary.
available    participate    sponsor    attach    suitable
explore    get rid of    claim    a series of    take to
1) The sailors ______ every possibility to stay alive.
2) All the water ______ is unfit to drink.
3) Find someone to ______ the rubbish in front of our house.
4) The stupid girl ______ that she had first thought of that bright idea, but nobody believed her.
5) Two pictures were ______ to the letter.
6) The filmmaker has ______ the speech contest with thousands of college students participating in it.
7) ______ lectures were arranged to react to the campaign of "spreading knowledge".
8) This activity is beneficial. We should encourage more people to ______ it.
9) All the witnesses exclaimed when the slider ______ the wind.
10) It is not easy to find someone who is to fulfill the demanding task.
2. Compound adjectives: Translate the following expressions by referring to the compound adjective in the model.
　　Model: Prizes are given for the highest-flying kites.
　　1) 长相好看的小伙子
　　2) 最有趣的故事
　　3) 易于步行的距离
　　4) 快速阅读练习
II. Structure: Make sentences after studying the models.
　　Model: Several countries find kiting so popular that hey hold kite events
　　　　　The Festival of Spring in India finds kites being flown from the rooftops.
　　1) When I passed by the restaurant, I found Li Yang __________. (坐在靠窗户的桌子边)
　　2) I find taking a walk after supper __________. (一种健康的习惯)
　　3) The poor veteran found himself __________. (置身于富有的购物者中)
　　4) A group of children found the ship __________. (搁浅在沙滩上)
　　5) The physicist was surprised to find that his theory was __________. (正在被到场的每个人接受)
III. Translation:
1.这台老打字机没用了，但我并没有扔掉它的意思。(get rid of)
2. 天黑了。把闪光灯装在相机上。(attach)
3. 这种玻璃适宜于各大宾馆、饭店。(suitable for…)
4. 一组专业人员被派往现场探究事故的真正原因。(explore)
5. 你应该利用现有的一切设备。(available)
6. 找一个好的担保人意味着你的生意成功了一大半。(sponsor)
  Grammar: Demonstrative-pronoun

Grammar: Demonstrative-pronoun
语法：指示代词

1.概说：表示"这个"、"那个"、"这些"、"那些"等指示概念的代词叫做指示代词。指示代词有：this这个，that那个，these这些，those那些，same同样的人或事，such如此的（人或事），it这个、那个。
2.指示代词的功能：相当于名词或形容词，在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语。如：
This is a model plane and that is a model ship.
Are those trucks? - No, those are tractors.
This book is about Chinese traditional medicine.
I prefer this instead of that.
3．指示代词this, that, these, those的一般用法和特殊用法。
1) this或 these 一般用来指时间或空间上较近的人或事；that或those则指时间或空间上较远的人或事。
This is an axe and that is a sickle.
I have been working on the term paper these days.
That Chinese student came to visit me that day.
In those pre-school days, we were care-free and happy.
2) 有时that和those指前面讲到过的事物，this 和these则指下面将要讲到的事物或眼前的事。如：
He was ill. That's why he didn't come to the meeting.
He is not clever but he is very diligent, and that is the most important thing.
The students were informed of these words: "The President will give you an audience. No one is to be absent."
What I want to emphasis is this: advertising for a bank is not easy.
This will do.
3) 有时为了避免重复提到过的名词，常可用that 或those代替。
The factory's transistor's output of 1999 is double that of 1992.
The presentation given by Liu is just as good as that given by Li.
4) this 和that有时作状语用，表示程度，意思是"这么"和"那么"。
The dictionary is about this thick.
I don't want that much.
4．it 作指示代词时可以不必翻译出来。
"Who is it?" - "It's me."
It is between you and me.
5．such, same 其单、复数形式相同。在句中可以作：
（1）定语
The foreign visitors said they had never seen such a beautiful city before.
Who can stand such hot and stuffy weather?
We are not referring the same person.
They are the same things.
注：1）such 作定语时，它所修饰的名词之前如果有不定冠词，这个不定冠词应放在such之后，如上面第一例。
　　2）such作定语时，它所修饰的名词后面有时跟as如：
You must learn to use such expressions as "How are you?" "Thank you!"
（2）主语
Such is our work plan.
Such were his words.
The same can be said of the other candidate.
注：在same之前必须用定冠词the。
Unit 6
   Text Organization
1. Introduction: In the first paragraph, the author emphasizes that driver education is very necessary. This point is supported by the mounting number of 1)______ and 2)______
2. The appreciation of the importance of driver education is shared by many of 1)______. They charge a much higher 2)______ for automobile insurance coverage when a car is to be driven by a man who is under 3)______, but the rate will be greatly reduced if those twenty-five-year-old men have successfully completed a 4)______ driver education course.
3. Driver education began in 1)______, as a high school subject. Today, typical programs consist of thirty hours of 2)______ and 3)______ of behind-the-wheel instruction. Valuable supplements to the books are 4)______ put out by automobile manufacturers, insurance companies, and others interested in highway safety. The students use cars that are equipped with 5)______. Additional learning experiences are provided through the use of 6)______ and behind-the-wheel driving instruction in an area 7)______. This allows students to practice driving maneuvers in a protected and safe environment.
   Exercises about the Text
I. Vocabulary:
1. Fill in the blanks with the words and expressions given below, changing the form where necessary.
exceed    consist of    project    flash    manual
mount    in addition to    charge    premium    rate
1) ______ providing classroom instructions, this course also creates some chances for students to get some practice off campus.
2) I felt awkward. She ______ me in every aspect.
3) The police ______ the driver with speeding.
4) ______ is more valuable than criticism in the development of a person's character.
5) Close your eyes and ______ your desired image onto the imagined screen in front of you, and you will be drawn towards it.
6) A familiar figure ______ in my mind.
7) It is encouraging that the Dow Jones industrial average is ______.
8) If you don't know how to operate this machine, get a ______ and read it.
9) His responsibilities ______ supervision and management.
10) The government is facing a 13% ______ of inflation.
2. Compound adjective: study the formation of the model and translate the following expressions
　　Model 1: six hours of behind-the-wheel driving practice
　　1）脚踏实地的态度
　　2）永远难忘的夜晚
　　3）最新式的武器
　　4）偏僻的山村
　　5）生死搏斗
　　6）面对面的谈话
　　7）逐字翻译
　　8）肩并肩的战斗
　　Model 2: state-approved driver education program
　　　　　　driver education program which is approved by the state
　　1) eyes which are shot with blood
　　2) a factory which is run by the school
　　3) shoes which are made by hands
　　4) hillsides which are swept by wind
　　5) a mother whose heart was broken
　　6) a face which is beaten by weather
　　7) a man who is made by himself
　　8) satellite which is made by man
II. Structure: Study the model and complete the sentences as required.
　　Model: The instructor has an extra brake pedal on his side of the car that enables him to bring the car to a halt, if necessary.
　　1. Please bring your daughter with you, (如果可能的话) .
　　2. (如果允许的话), I would like to book a room for my dog.
　　3. (如果适当的话), this big sum of money is to be distributed among all the workers.
III. Translation:
1. 两座摩天大楼耸入云端。(project)
2. 通过分组练习，学生在表达上的准确率大大提高了。(accuracy rate)
3. 大火虽然扑灭了，但损失高达20万。(put out)
4. 三个月的驾驶课程花去我三千人民币。(charge)
5. 他的无理超过了我的容忍度。(exceed)
6. 这位被告准备了最好的律师。(equip)
   Grammar: (1) Interrogative-pronoun
　 & Relative-pronoun
　 (2) The Performance of "in"
Grammar: (1) Interrogative-pronoun & Relative-pronoun
(2) The Performance of "in"

语法：（1）疑问代词和关系代词（2）介词 "in"
概说：用来引导从句、并将主句和从句连接起来的代词。这样的代词一方面在从句中作句子成分，可作主语、宾语、定语等；另一方面又起连词的作用。这类代词有疑问代词和关系代词两种。
疑问代词
1.概说：疑问代词有who（谁，主格），whom（谁，宾格），whose（谁的，所有格），what （什么），which（哪个，哪些）等。
2.疑问代词用于特殊疑问句中：疑问代词一般都放在句首，并充当句子的某一成分（主语，宾语，表语，定语）。如：
What is in the parcel?
What are you doing?
What subjects do you have in your school?
Who will go with you tomorrow?
Whom are you talking to?
Who is he?
Which do you want?
Which train will you take?
Whose book is on the desk?
注：which表示在一定数目（或范围内）的选择，what则没有这种限制。
What do you usually have for lunch?
Which do you prefer, rice or noodle?
Which of them runs fast?
3.疑问代词可以引导一个间接疑问句：间接疑问句在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等。另一方面，这个疑问代词本身在间接疑问句中又担任一定的句子成分。如：
Do you know what your brother is doing in his room?
Who will be in charge of this program is still not decided.
I am not sure which suits me best.
注：当what 作that which 解时，它引导的名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句）不是间接疑问句，这时它的功能类似一个单数名词。如：
What he says is quite true.
We must do what the Party tells us to do.
4.whatever, whoever, whichever等词引导名词性从句或状语从句。如：
She always did whatever her boss asked of her.
Whoever wants an extra copy of the book will be charged at the reception desk.
I will give you whichever you want.
关系代词
　　关系代词有who, whom, whose, that, which 等，用来引导定语从句。它们在定语从句中又可作主语、宾语、定语或表语；另一方面它们又可代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词（即先行词）。如：
　　The man who is talking with my father is our headmaster.
　　Intuition told me that she was the right person whom I was looking for.
　　The old man whose son is in the PLA navy is a general.
　　This is the business that brings him a lot profit.
　　The film which I saw last night is about a captain.
Grammar: (1) Interrogative-pronoun & Relative-pronoun
(2) The Performance of "in"

语法：（1）疑问代词和关系代词（2）介词 "in"
"in" 的用法

　1.作介词 (as prep.)
1.1 在（……空间）里
She got married in England.
The telephone was in the little study on the first floor.
Flags are waving in the wind.
She was deeply moved by the fate of the main character in the story.
He was wounded in the left leg.
1.2 在（……时间）内
My daughter was born in 1990 in China.
He traveled a lot in his youth.
Rome is not built in a day.
He changed the plan in my absence.
1.3 在……之后
It is one o'clock. He will come in half an hour.
This dispute was settled in no time.
The professor will give us a lecture in a day or two.
1.4 在……方面；行为方式等
They are alike in character.
The factory seemed backward in techniques.
I can accept this program in principle but some small changes should be made.
She was praised highly in her treatment of old people.
1.5 表示方式、手段、原材料等
This letter was written in red ink.
Nobody wants to wear shirts made in nylon.
The radio station broadcasts news in six languages.
You must pay in cash.
1.6 表示穿着或职业
The young man in a tweed suit drew her attention.
The policeman was in plain clothes.
In the hospitals are the nuns in blue jeans.
I didn't like men in glasses.

1.7 表示正在进行的动作或状态
The enemies were in flight.
The headmaster is in a conversation with a priest.
The joke is in poor taste.
Everyone was in great excitement when China was declared the host of the Olympic Games of the year 2008.
Are you serious in putting forward such a view?
She said it half in fun and half in earnest.
1.8 处于某种状态，有某种特征
He was in error when he made that apology.
Mary was almost in despair.
The Party members are all in the service of the people.
The gentleman was obviously in his fifties.
Don't worry. It is only in the early stage.
We sat in silence, looking to the sea.
1.9 表示数量、里程、比例
The travelers arrived in hundreds.
The probability is one in ten at most.
Bad behaviors appear in large numbers.
1.10 表示原因、目的（为了……；作为……；因为……）
He gave the information in hope of a reward.
This is an act in defense.
We decorated the dining-hall in preparation for the English evening.
All his associate rose in rebellion against his dictatorship
1.11 表示动作的方向或结果
He went in the house.
He put all his belongings in the box.
She threw the letter in the fire.
Animals fled in all directions.
Am I in the right direction?
2．作副词 (as ad.)
2.1 （作状语）进入；到里边
You may go in to see the patient now.
The sun was streaming in through the curtains of my room.
Open the windows and let in some fresh air.
When the train got in, it was already midnight.
2.2 （作表语）在家里
I called on Ms. Liu on my way to the office, but she was not in.
Will you be in for dinner tonight?
I prefer a cup of tea with sugar in.
My mother stayed in because she was ill.
2.3 （作表语）上市；上台；进站；进港
Now the Labor Party is in.
Watermelons are now in.
Short skirts are in.
Finally the plane was in.
3．作形容词 (as a.)
3.1 在里面的；朝里面的
the in part of the mechanism
the in door
3.2 在朝的；执政的
the in party
3.3 （季节）来到的；（车、船）进站的；进港的
the in fruit
the in train
Unit 7
   Exercises about the Text
I. Vocabulary:
1. Fill in the blanks with the words and expressions given below, changing the form where necessary.
assumption    perceive    mean    be supposed to    illegal
overall    crawl    carve    get into trouble    decent
personality    pang    raw    unpredictable
1) If you park your car anywhere you like, you will ______.
2) The baby ______ to his mother.
3) Don't be so ______. You need to learn to be generous.
4) The young artist ______ the figure of the woman from a piece of wood.
5) He works in a big company and earns a ______ salary.
6) The rise in the ______ material usually leads to a rise in end products.
7) It's ______ to give or to take bribes.
8) You ______ finish your term paper by the end of the month.
9) Their ______ that the war would end quickly was proved wrong.
10) On entering the room, we at once ______ him to be a man of great wealth.
11) Coal burnt at an ______ efficiency of only 18 percent.
12) Dr. Johnson is a man of strong ______. He is deeply loved and respected by his students.
13) Some natural disasters are ______ but we have to try our best to minimize the damages.
14) There was a sudden ______ of disappointment on her face.
2. Word-Building:
　　1) The suffix -let means "small, tiny", e.g.
　　　　droplet (a small drop)
　　　　streamlet (a small stream)
　　　Try to guess the meaning of the following words:
　　　　a. ringlet
　　　　b. brooklet
　　　　c. booklet
　　2) The prefix over- is used before a verb, a noun or an adjective, meaning too much, e.g.
　　　　overwork ( too much work)
　　　　overjoy (too joyful)
　　　Fill in the following blanks with one of the words given below. Change the forms where necessary.
overburden    overestimate    overeat    overexposure
overanxious    overconfident    overbusy
　　a. Peter is conceited and he is always _________ of his ability.
　　b. Mrs. Smith is a fat woman and she is always in the habit of ______.
　　c. Diane's face was burnt because of ______ to the sun.
　　d. Your daughter is old enough to take good care of herself. It's unnecessary for you to be ______ about her.
　　e. The telephone line was ______ yesterday. We hardly had a single minute of rest.
　　f. Being born in such a poor family, the little girl took up a lot of adult work in her family. She was really ______ for her age.
　　g. Some people tend to ______ himself and underestimate his colleagues.
II. Structure: Complete the following sentences, using -ing form.
　　1. ____________ ( 看到下雨了)，George put on his raincoat.
　　2. Be careful ____________. (过马路的时候)
　　3. ____________ (因为感到很累), we went to bed early.
　　4. She got to know him ____________. (在北京开会时)
　　5. ____________ (看到一个男孩在水中挣扎)，he jumped into it.
　　6. ____________ (在中国生活了这么多年)，he has no difficulty at all using chopsticks.
　
III. Translation: Translate the following sentences into English.
1．绝大多数公共场所是禁止吸烟的,因为越来越多的人认识到公共场所吸烟对不吸烟者是不公平的。
2．到这个月底，你应该完成你的论文了。
3．任何人对未来都没有绝对的把握，因为很多事情是无法预见的。
4．他拒绝对发生的事情做过多的评论。
5．如果你尝试违禁药品，你一定会陷入困境。
   Grammar: Indefinite-pronoun
Grammar: Indefinite-pronoun
语法：不定代词

1．概说：不是指明代替任何特定名词（或形容词）的代词叫做不定代词。不定代词有：
some 一些（可数或不可数）
　somebody 某人
　someone 某人
　something 某物；某事
any 一些，任何（可数或不可数）
　anybody 任何人
　anyone 任何人
　anything 任何人任何事
no 无（可数或不可数）
　nobody无人
　no one无一人
　nothing 无物
every 每个
　everybody 每人，大家，人人
　everyone 每人
　everything 每一个事物，一切
all 全部，全体
both 两个
neither 没有人或物（指两个）
none 没有人或物（指两个以上）
either 任何一个（指两个当中）
each 每个
others 另一个（些）
another 另外一个，又一个
much 很多（不可数）
many 很多（可数）
few 很少（可数）
a few一些，几个（可数）
little 很少（不可数）
a little 一些（不可数）
one 一个（人或事）
2．不定代词的用法：可代替名词和形容词，在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语。如：
1）作主语
Both of my parents are workers.
Some study English, others study Russian.
Is everyone here?
2）作宾语
I know little about the novel.
The woman is interested in everything that her husband tells her.
Do you have any questions? - Yes, I have some.
3）作表语
That is all for today. Class is dismissed.
It is too much.
Here is all.
4）作定语
I have read the story in some magazine.
Have you any problems?
Study well and make progress every day.
China will be a powerful socialist country in another ten years.
注：有些不定代词也可用作同位语或状语。如：
We all went to the theatre yesterday.
The meeting lasts some three hours.
Are you any good at mathematics?
(to be continued)
Unit 8
   Exercises about the Text
I. Vocabulary: Fill in the blanks with the words and expressions given below, changing the forms where necessary.
decline    take into account    detract from    roam    by contrast
yield    end up with    in comparison    press    see … as
signal    to the contrary    compensate for    rank    demonstrate
among    be likely to do    other than    settle    contribute to
1. We must ______ local conditions ______.
2. She ______ accept your invitation.
3. We ______ the dinner ______ fruit and drinks.
4. ______, even the most modern aircraft look clumsy and slow.
5. I like to ______ about over the countryside.
6. I must ______ all my affairs before leaving.
7. He can be ______ the best students of the year.
8. There's nobody here ______ me.
9. The fact that she got a high score in the test partly ______ her good command of English.
10. I know nothing ______.
11. That tree ______ plenty of fruits each year.
12. She ______ him ______ a friend rather than a rival.
13. Plenty of fresh air ______ good health.
14. She always envies her colleagues and ______ their work.
15. Nothing will ______ him ______ the injuries he received in the accident.
16. I have done little this year ______ what I did last year.
17. Milk production slightly ______ this year.
18. She ______ the doorbell as soon as she arrived at the door.
19. The diner ______ the waiter to bring the menu.
II. Structure:
　　1. Recast the following sentences by using "don't see".
　　1) I don't think it is necessary to rush to the station in such a hurry.
　　2) They don't think the program needs so much money.
　　3) The parents don't think it is necessary for their nine-year-old daughter to learn so many subjects.
　　2. Complete the following sentences by using "as".
　　1) The night turned cold, ____________.（跟这儿往常一样）
　　2) He was an English man, ____________.（正如他们从他的口音中所判断的）
　　3) He returned the money on time, ____________.（正如他所许诺的）
　　3. Complete the following sentences by using "without".
　　1) It is amazing that the little boy can recite the whole book ____________.（在没有任何提示时）
　　2) （一句话没有说）____________ the manager signed on my application form.
　　3) She boarded the plane ____________.（没有回头）
III. Translation: Translate the following sentences into English.
1. 我们在评价人们的生活水平时，应该充分考虑物价上涨的因素。（evaluate, take into account）
2. 许多国家在积极努力，以尽快解决巴勒斯坦与以色列之间的领土争端问题。（settle，Palestine, Israel）
3. 这所大学属于我们国家最好的大学之一。（rank among）
4. 种种迹象表明：这两大电子集团将再度合作。（demonstrate）
5. 群众的积极配合有助于警方开展工作。（contribute to）
6. 由于过多的作业以及看电视时间过长，中、小学生的视力在普遍下降。（decline）
   Grammar: The Usages of
　 all the Indefinite Pronouns (1)
Grammar: The Usages of all the Indefinite Pronouns (1)
语法：各个不定代词的用法(1)
1．some (一些；某些；某个)：可代替名词和形容词，常在肯定句中作主语、宾语、定语等。作定语时，它所修饰的名词可以是可数名词，也可以是不可数名词。如：
Some are bus drivers, and others are bus conductors.
I need many reference books. I can find some in the library.
Would you give me some suggestion?
注：some 也可作状语表示"大约"。如：
Some twenty friends were present at the ceremony.
The factory has some 2000 workers and staff.
2．any (一些，任何)：可代替名词和形容词，常用在否定句或疑问句中。作定语时，它所修饰的名词可以是可数名词，也可以是不可数名词。如：
Have you got any matches? - No, I haven't got any.
Is there any information about the hunger strike?
Have you any brothers?
There are not any water in the jar.
注：1) any用于肯定句时，意思是"任何的"。如：
You may come at any time.
She is younger than any other colleagues in this company.
2) some 和any 的区别：some多用于肯定句，any多用于否定句或疑问句。
I am looking for some paper clips.
Have you any paper clips?
I haven't any paper clips.
3．no (无)：只能作定语，修饰可数名词或不可数名词。如：
There is no need to hurry him. We have plenty time.
He knows no English.
There are no magazines on the bookshelf.
We have no history lessons this morning.
4．all (全体，所有)：在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语或同位语。代表或修饰可数名词时，指两个以上的人或事；也可代表或修饰不可数名词。如：
All were upset about the serious situation.
I have forgotten all about it.
That's all that I want to say.
All students want to graduate successfully.
We all agree to postpone the meeting until next Monday.
注：1) all 作主语表示一个整体时，动词用单数；表示所有的人或事时，动词用复数。如：
All I know is that you are absolutely wrong.
All are excited at the news.
2) all 也可作状语，作"全"、"十分"解，或只是为了加强语气。如：
That's all right.
There are trees all along the road.
5．both (全)：指两个人或事。和 all 一样，可用作主语、宾语、定语或同位语。
Both have the intention of compromising.
We asked both to put forward their suggestions.
Both ways lead to the village.
They both sing well.
6．none (无人或无物)：和all相反，和no one, not any 同意。其用法相当于名词。指不可数名词时，动词用单数；指可数名词时，动词的单复数视具体情况而定。
None of the problems is easy to solve.
None of the sheep could survive the snowstorm.
试比较all 和none的区别：
None of us will go.
All of us will take part in the sports meet.
all表示"三个或三个以上都……"，none表示"三个或三个以上都不……"。因此，我们不能说：
All of us will not go.
Or
We all will not go.
Unit 9
   Exercises about the Text
I. Vocabulary: Fill in the blanks with the words and expressions given below, changing the forms where necessary.
gallop    budget    production    sum    performance    rehearse
develop    produce    overlook    move    take charge    set out
suppose    perform    instruction    warn    apart from    wonder
1. He is lucky to have inherited a large ______ of money from his uncle.
2. The department store conducts a business ______ at the beginning of each year.
3. She ______ for Shanghai early this morning.
4. I saw numerous horses ______ on the vast prairie.
5. China's economy has been ______ steadily since its reform and opening to the outside world.
6. The band has ______ a new musical comedy(音乐喜剧) recently.
7. Her ______ is so excellent that all experts present appreciate it.
8. The largest steel factory in the city ______ half of the city's steel last year.
9. You shouldn't ______ the minor errors in your work, for they will become serious someday.
10. He claimed that the traffic accident had nothing to do with him, yet I ______ he is partly responsible for it.
11. I have ______ him again and again of his carelessness in driving.
12. The university demanded her to ______ the contract between her and the university strictly.
13. You had better follow the ______ when you take these medicines.
14. An efficient method of ______ is vital to a factory.
15. He has a great talent for language; ______ English, he can speak French, Russian, and Spanish extremely well.
16. My little daughter feels very lonely since her best friend has ______ to Peking recently.
17. As a president of the university, it is his duty to ______ the university.
18. She always ______ why her students couldn't memorize these simple words.
II. Structure:
　　1. Complete the following sentences by using "in front of".
　　1) (在办公楼前面) ____________ are many tall trees.
　　2) (在医院前面) ____________ are numerous drug stores.
　　3) (在我们公寓楼前面) ____________ is a large garden.
　　2. Recast the following sentences, using "wonder."
　　1) I'm anxious to know who he is.
　　2) He was eager to know whether he had passed the exam or not.
　　3) He wanted to know whether she would accept his proposal or not.
III. Translation: Translate the following sentences into English.
1. 他对工作很不负责，总是忽视一些重要事情。(overlook)
2. 这个工厂生产的纺织品质量很高，因此它们的销路很好。(produce)
3. 为了保证演出成功，剧团反复进行排练。(rehearse)
4. 我猜想这只是个骗局，我提醒你们谨慎为好。(suppose)
5. 保安人员再次提醒居民晚上睡觉前一定要关好窗户以防被盗。(warn)
6. 我不知道远在国外的妹妹现在怎么样。(wonder)
   Grammar: The Usages of
　 all the Indefinite Pronouns (2)
Grammar: The Usages of all the Indefinite Pronouns (2)
语法：各个不定代词的用法(2)
13．much [很多(不可数)]：相当于名词、数词和形容词。在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。
Much has been done to increase output.
He didn't say much, but every word was to the point.
There isn't much water left in the tank.
注：much 在下列情况下作状语
I like the music very much.
This river is much longer than that one.
I didn't come much.
14．many [很多(可数)]：相当于名词、数词和形容词。在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。
Many of the students in the West of China are from the rural areas.
How many do you want?
He has many friends.
注：much 用于不可数名词，在句中作主语时，动词用单数；many 用于可数名词，其后面的动词用复数形式。如：
There are many mistakes in his composition.
Much of what he said is not true.
The girl has made much progress in her presentation.
15．a few 和few: a few 表示肯定，意思是虽少但还有一些；few表示否定的概念，意思是几乎没有。两者均修饰可数名词，可以作主语、宾语、定语等。如：
Few of Chinese little boys or girls know English.
A few of them really know how to operate the machine.
I knew few of the guests.
Quite a few doctors had applied to work in the backward areas.
He made very few mistakes in the translation exercise.
16．a little和 little：a little表示肯定，意思是虽少但还有一些；little 表示否定的概念，意思是几乎没有。两者均修饰不可数名词，可以作主语、宾语、定语、等。如：
He says little but does much.
After a little rest we continue our journey.
I know little about the decision.
Have you got a little information about who will take over the factory?
17．One
1) 不定代词one指不定人称时，表示"人"。可译作"人"，"一个人"等，它有自己的反身代词oneself 和物主代词one's 等形式。one和oneself在句中作主语、宾语或同位语，one's在句中作定语。如：
One of her cousins went to America for study.
I have lost my umbrella. I think I had better buy another one.
It is not hard for one to do a bit of good. What is hard is to do good all one's life.
2) 为避免重复，不定代词one可以用来代替前面出现过的可数名词。它有自己的复数形式 ones，可以与冠词连用，可以有自己的定语。如：
Please hand me the book, the one on the top shelf.
There are two old machines and three new ones in this laboratory.
This coat is heavier than the one you bought last year.
18．复合不定代词：由some, any, no, every加上构成的不定代词。
18．1 复合不定代词有：
a. somebody / someone / something
b. anybody / anyone / anything
c. nobody / no one / nothing
d. everybody / everything / everyone
18．2 复合不定代词的用法：
1）复合不定代词只相当于名词，在句中作主语、宾语和表语，不能作定语。
Is there anyone who can answer this question?
Good morning, everybody. Could you show me your admission tickets?
No one will be here tonight.
Everything is made of elements.
She is writing something for the newspaper.
Does he know anything about the rebellion? - He Knows nothing about it.

2）复合不定代词被定语所修饰时，定语必须放在它们的后面。
There is something wrong with my tape recorder.
Is there anything worthwhile in the report?
It's nothing serious.
Have you anything to say about this decision?
She told me something about her days in the countryside.
Unit 10
   Text Organization
　1. Introduction (para.1): Although Aborigine tribes in remote parts of central and northern Australia still lead the same exclusively hunting and gathering existence, ______.
　　2. Their conception of land (para. 2-3): 1)______ is dependent on membership of a clan. The clan and its members are named after a species of animal, whose powerful prototype is believed 2)__________ where they live long ago in the mythical Dream time. Members of the clan have ceremonies which commemorate the event and 3) __________ and to the land it formed. Many aspects of the kinship, marriage rules and ceremonial activities of the Australian Aborigines 4)______ the precarious nature of their nomadic way of life and 5)______ friendly, predictable relationships with distant people who may be helpful in times of severe shortage.
　　3. Their conception of the relationship between humans and animals and plants (para.4-6): Although their societies now reflect the limitation set by harsh climatic conditions they provide us with a sophisticated and successful answer to their particular environmental problems - 1) __________. Reasons: 2)__________ do not upset the ecological balance of an area. 3)__________ does not present a threat to other animal populations because it is limited by the availability of food.
　　4. Conclusion: In the long term, it would seem that the hunters and gatherers of the present day are perhaps 1)__________ as they have done in the past, by working in a balanced system with their 2)________ rather than radically changing it to suit their immediate needs.
　   Exercises about the Text
I. Vocabulary:

　　1. Fill in the blanks with the words and expressions given below, changing the form where necessary.
commemorate    particularly    existence    highly    complex
sophisticated    exclusively    creature    species    adequate
extinction    advance    nature    habitat    people
1) Ireland was inhabited by two _______.
2) The monument was set up to _______ the heroes who died in the Civil War.
3) The explorers didn't know whether the strange _______ was human or animal.
4) The boy is a little _______ for his age.
5) He devoted himself to work for the _______ of infectious diseases.
6) This dictionary is _______ useful for students.
7) This course focuses _______ on speaking and listening ability.
8) Trees are the natural _______ of birds, animals and insects.
9) The strange animal belongs to a _______ that I haven't seen before.
10) It seemed that he was ignorant of the _______ of the problem.
11) He grew up in the generation that struggled for _______.
12) Discovering a cure for cancer would be a major medical _______ .
13) What he said was too _______ for me to understand.
14) Farmers' harvest owed much to _______ rain and snow last winter.
15) I have always thought very _______ of him.
2. Fill in the blanks with proper prepositions and adverbs.
1) Villagers have no idea of the outside world because they live in isolation ______ the rest of the world.
2) These writers have little contact _______farmers.
3) Whether he can go with us is dependent _______ his father's wishes.
4) She was slow in her adaptation _______ the unusual rules of the school.
5) We have no right to encroach _______ her rights.
6) Great effort can transform hope _______ reality.
3. Fill in the blanks with the proper forms of the words given.
1) Balch wrote the _______ music for the Easter service. (ceremony)
2) It is _______ that our team will win the game. (predict)
3) He is a brilliant professor but has his _______ as an administrator. (limit)
4) You can tell a robin from a sparrow by its _______ red breast. (distinct)
5) Food _______ often occurs in time of war. (short)
6) He _______ changed after the accident. (radical)
7) He was concerned for the _______ of the country's science. (develop)
8) The project was implemented _______. (success)
II. Structure:

　　1. Rewrite the following sentences with "that" according to the model:
　　Model: Perhaps the most distinctive feature of the Australian Aborigine's way of life, and the most distinctive feature of all other hunters and gatherers, is the harmonious co-existence between humans and the rest of the living world.
　　　　　Perhaps the most distinctive feature of the Australian Aborigine's way of life, and that of all other hunters and gatherers, is the harmonious co-existence between humans and the rest of the living world.
　　1) The nature of iron differs greatly from the nature of wood.
　　2) My seat was next to the seat of mayor.
　　3) His description did not answer to the description of the thief.
　　2. Rewrite the following sentences, using preposition "despite":
　　Model: In spite of the difficulties of finding adequate food in the harsh areas of the Australian outback, however, the Aborigines show that the social organization of the hunter and gatherer is not at all "primitive."
　　　　　Despite the difficulties of finding adequate food in the harsh areas of the Australian outback, however, the Aborigines show that the social organization of the hunter and gatherer is not at all "primitive".
　　1) The children continued to play in the garden though it rained.
　　2) In spite of their differences, they remained good friends.
　　3) He came to the meeting though he was seriously ill.
III. Translation: Translate the following sentences into English.
1．作业一布置下来就做，不要等到最后一分钟时才做。(rather than)
2．从短期情况来看，这本书预计会让我们损失一些钱，但从长远来看我们很有希望从这本书获利。( in the long/short term)
3．为了能跟她同行，他改变了航线。 (change…to do)
4．老师让学生自己决定选什么课。(leave …to)
5．不是人们的意识 (consciousness) 决定他们的存在，而恰恰相反，人们的社会存在决定着他们的意识。(on the contrary)
6．她丈夫酗酒，所以她生活得很艰难。(lead … existence)
   Grammar: The Agreement
　 Between the Subject and the Predicate
Grammar: The Agreement Between the Subject and the Predicate
语法：谓语动词和主语的一致
1．概论：谓语动词在人称和数上必须和主语一致。如：
I am a teacher.
You are a student.
She is an English native speaker.
The children are playing in the square.
The May 4th Movement was a great anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolutionary movement.
Many trees have been planted on our campus.
Were you in the classroom yesterday evening?
2．两个或两个以上作主语的单数名词用and连接时，谓语动词用复数。
A singer and a dancer were entertaining the workers.
Liangyin and Weihua are twin sisters.
3．两个或两个以上作主语的单数名词用and连接，但表示的是一个单一概念时，谓语动词用复数。
Bread and butter is a kind of food enjoyed by westerners.
The poet and the author of this novel has been honored highly.
4．两个作主语用的名词或代词由介词with, as well as, together with, along with, accompanied by, including, except, but, besides 等连接时，谓语动词一般和这些介词前的一个名词或代词的人称和数保持一致。
A woman with a baby is coming to the nursery.
John, together with his wife and children, has moved to Chicago.
This text, including the other two, is a bit difficult.
Wang Li, and perhaps Li Mei, sings very well.
The girl as well as the boys has learned to drive a car.
5．主语是表示复数的名词或代词如people, police, cattle等时，谓语动词用相应的复数形式。
People have always felt the need to express themselves through movement.
The police are tracking down a criminal.
The cattle are grazing in the fields.
6．集体名词等后面谓语动词的用法：当family, crew, class, audience, committee 等这些词作为一个整体看时，谓语动词用单数；如就一个个成员来看时，谓语动词用复数。如：
The family were watching TV.
The class is large.
The class do not agree on that proposal.
7．不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
The belief in numbers has developed through these years.
His gratitude to the Party is boundless.
The replacement of fast food restaurants by cafes has left the local inhabitants with inconvenience.
Water is the source of life.
8．动词不定式、动名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
To celebrate the birthday needs money.
To balance the budget and to provided jobs are two goals of the government.
Transforming raw materials into useful products is called manufacturing.

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